Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

35

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Margaret I of Denmark (Margrete I)

Margrete Valdemarsdatter

Denmark

c. 1353 – 1412 (59 years old)

Master Scandinavian queen who created the Kalmar Union in 1397, uniting the three Nordic kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

Roskilde, Zealand, Denmark

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Religious Figures & Theologians

31

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Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas

חסדאי קרשקש

Spain

c. 1340 – c. 1410 (70 years old)

Catalan philosopher and leader of Spanish Jewry whose treatise 'Light of the Lord' (Or Adonai) critiqued Aristotelian physics and championed divine love and free will.

Zaragoza, Spain

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Humanities

9

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Abu al-Walid Ismail ibn Yusuf Ibn al-Ahmar

إسماعيل بن يوسف بن الأحمر

Morocco

1387 – c. 1407 (20 years old)

Exiled Nasrid royal who served the Marinid court in Fez, author of Rawdat al-Nisrin, one of the primary historical chronicles of the Marinid and Nasrid dynasties.

Rabat, Morocco

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Sciences & Discovery

19

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Ahmad ibn Kunfudh

أحمد بن حسن بن الخطيب (ابن قنفذ القسنطيني)

Algeria

1339 – 1407 (68 years old)

Preeminent 14th-century Algerian polymath, astronomer, and Chief Judge of Constantine whose astronomical treatises on planetary conjunctions and historical chronicles documented Hafsid North Africa.

Constantine, Algeria

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Sciences & Discovery

23

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Ibn Qunfudh

ابن قنفذ القسنطيني

Algeria

1339 – 1407 (68 years old)

Towering 14th-century polymath from Constantine who wrote seminal treatises on planetary astronomy, arithmetic, Maliki law, and chronological history.

Constantine, Algeria

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Philosophy & Thought

45

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Ibn Khaldun (Wali al-Din Abd al-Rahman)

عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون

Tunisia

27 May 1332 – 19 March 1406 (73 years old)

Father of historiography, sociology, and political economy whose Muqaddimah uncovered the laws governing social cohesion (Asabiyyah) and the cyclical rise and fall of civilizations.

Cairo, Egypt

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Philosophy & Thought

49

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Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun

عبد الرحمن بن خلدون

Tunisia

1332 – 1406 (73 years old)

Pioneering polymath widely regarded as the foundational father of sociology, historiography, demography, and cultural philosophy. Renowned globally for his seminal work, the Muqaddimah.

Cairo, Egypt

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Military Leaders & Strategists

39

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Tamerlane (Timur)

تیمور لنگ (Timūr Gurkānī)

Uzbekistan

1336 – 1405 (68 years old)

Turco-Mongol conqueror and founder of the Timurid Empire who never lost a battle across forty years of campaigns from Delhi to the Mediterranean, transforming Samarkand into a Renaissance jewel.

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

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Religious Figures & Theologians

23

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Ibn Arafa

ابن عرفة التونسي

Tunisia

1316 – 1401 (85 years old)

Unquestioned 14th-century titan of Maliki jurisprudence who served as Imam of the Ez-Zitouna Mosque and Grand Mufti of Hafsid Tunis for over forty years, author of Al-Mukhtasar al-Fiqhi.

Tunis, Tunisia

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Literature & Poetry

44

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Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer

Great Britain

c. 1340–1343 – 25 October 1400 (~60 years old)

Venerated as the Father of English Literature, who legitimized the vernacular Middle English tongue as a vehicle for grand literary art in his vibrant comedic and psychological masterwork, The Canterbury Tales.

London, Great Britain

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Literature & Poetry

9

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Kamal Khujandi

کمال خجندی

Tajikistan

c. 1320 – 1400 (80 years old)

Celebrated 14th-century Persian Sufi poet of Tabriz whose delicate, musical ghazals rivaled those of his contemporary Hafez of Shiraz.

Tabriz, Iran

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Literature & Poetry

42

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Luo Guanzhong

羅貫中

China

c. 1330 – c. 1400 (70 years old)

Pioneering Chinese novelist of the Yuan-Ming transition who wrote Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.

Qingxu, China

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

23

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Barquq

الظاهر برقوق

Russia

1339 CE – June 20, 1399 CE (60 years old)

Circassian military commander who founded the Burji (Circassian) Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt in 1382, courageously defying the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) and constructing one of the finest architectural complexes on Al-Mu'izz Street.

Northern Cemetery, Cairo, Egypt

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

36

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Hongwu Emperor

明太祖 (朱元璋)

China

1328 – 1398 (69 years old)

Founder of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1398) Zhu Yuanzhang, who rose from an orphaned beggar and Buddhist novice monk to lead the Red Turban rebellion that expelled the Mongol Yuan dynasty from China, restoring native Han rule.

Nanjing (Jiangsu), China

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

39

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Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang)

明太祖 朱元璋 (Zhu Yuanzhang)

China

1328 – 1398 (69 years old)

Peasant monk who rose to lead the Red Turban Rebellion, drove out the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, and founded the native Chinese Ming Dynasty.

Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Religion

12

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Sidi Mansour Ghulam al-Din

سيدي منصور غلام الدين

Tunisia

c. 1320 AD – c. 1395 AD (~75 years old)

Venerated 14th-century Sufi ascetic and spiritual patron of the maritime town of Sfax, immortalized in the world-famous Tunisian popular folk anthem 'Sidi Mansour Ya Baba'.

Sfax (Sidi Mansour), Tunisia

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Politics

11

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Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II al-Mustansir

أبو العباس أحمد الثاني الحفصي

Tunisia

1337 AD – 1394 (57 years old)

Great Hafsid Sultan (1370–1394 AD) who reunited the divided kingdoms of Tunis, Constantine, and Bougie, crushed tribal piracy, and repelled the Barbary Crusade of 1390 at Mahdia.

Tunis, Tunisia

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Military Leaders & Strategists

39

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Sir John Hawkwood (Giovanni Acuto)

Sir John Hawkwood / Giovanni Acuto

Great Britain

1 – 1394 (71 years old)

Legendary English mercenary captain (condottiero) who led the White Company in Italy, renowned for speed, tactical cunning, and professional discipline.

Florence, Italy

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