Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

47

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Mansa Sakura

Sakoura (Mansa Sakura)

Mali

Unknown – 1300

Emperor of the Mali Empire (reigned c. 1285–1300) who rose from royal court bondage to seize imperial authority during a period of dynastic chaos, expanding Mali's borders to their greatest extent prior to Mansa Musa.

Niani, Guinea

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

45

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King Ramkhamhaeng

พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช

Sukhothai Kingdom

c. 1239 CE – c. 1298 CE (59 years old)

Third king of the Sukhothai Kingdom known as Ramkhamhaeng the Great, who created the Thai writing system in 1283 and established the idyllic paternal 'Father Rules Children' monarchy.

Sukhothai, Thailand

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Philosophy & Thought

39

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Sant Dnyaneshwar

संत ज्ञानेश्वर

India

1275 – 1296 (21 years old)

Brilliant 13th-century Marathi poet-philosopher and Nath yogi who translated the Bhagavad Gita into vernacular Marathi in the 9,000-verse 'Dnyaneshwari' at age fifteen, founding the egalitarian Varkari Bhakti movement.

Alandi (Pune, Maharashtra), India

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Religious Figures & Theologians

36

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Dnyaneshwar

ज्ञानेश्वर

India

1275 – 1296 (21 years old)

Maharashtrian Bhakti saint, poet, and Nath yogi who translated the Bhagavad Gita into vernacular Marathi in 'Dnyaneshwari' at age fifteen, founding the Varkari tradition.

Alandi, India

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Prophets & Divine Messengers

10

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Abu Hafs Umar I al-Mustansir

أبو حفص عمر بن يحيى الحفصي

Tunisia

c. 1240 AD – 1295 AD (~55 years old)

Hafsid Sultan (1284–1295 AD) who recovered Tunis from the usurpation of Ibn Abi Umara, signed commercial treaties with Aragon and Genoa, and patronized religious institutions.

Tunis, Tunisia

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

37

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Kublai Khan (Setsen Khan / Emperor Shizu of Yuan)

Хубилай хаан / 元世祖 忽必烈

Mongolia

23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294 (78 years old)

Grandson of Genghis Khan who completed the conquest of China, founding the Yuan Dynasty. Established modern Beijing (Dadu / Khanbaliq) as imperial capital, introduced universal paper currency (Chao), and hosted European traveler Marco Polo.

Khanbaliq (Dadu / Beijing), China

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

31

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Qalawun

المنصور قلاوون

China

1222 CE – November 10, 1290 CE (68 years old)

Mighty Bahri Mamluk Sultan who established the long-lasting Qalawunid dynasty, defeated the Mongol Ilkhanate at the Battle of Homs, captured the Crusader County of Tripoli, and built the magnificent Qalawun Complex and public hospital in Cairo.

Cairo, Egypt

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Sciences & Discovery

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Ibn al-Nafis

ابن النفيس

Syria

1213 – 1288 (75 years old)

Islamic physician and polymath who spent his career in Cairo as Chief Physician of Egypt, celebrated for discovering the pulmonary circulation of blood three centuries before William Harvey.

Cairo, Egypt

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Sciences & Discovery

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Ibn al-Nafis (Ala al-Din al-Qurashi)

ابن النفيس (علاء الدين علي بن أبي الحزم)

Syria

1213 CE – 17 December 1288 (75 years old)

Syrian-Egyptian physician and chief of Cairo's hospital who discovered pulmonary transit (lesser blood circulation) 300 years before William Harvey and Michael Servetus, refuting Galen.

Cairo, Egypt

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq

أبو يوسف يعقوب بن عبد الحق المريني

Morocco

1212 – 1286 (74 years old)

Greatest Marinid Sultan of Morocco (1258–1286) who founded the imperial palace city of Fes Jdid (1276), built the royal pantheon at Chellah, and led four military expeditions to defend the Kingdom of Granada.

Rabat, Morocco

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Politics

10

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Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I al-Mustansir

أبو إسحاق إبراهيم بن أبي زكرياء

Tunisia

c. 1235 AD – 1284 AD (~49 years old)

Hafsid ruler of Tunis (1279–1283 AD) who took power with Catalan-Aragonese mercenary support, developing diplomatic ties across the western Mediterranean.

Tunis, Tunisia

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan

يغمراسن بن زيان

Algeria

1206 – 1283 (77 years old)

Astute Zenata Berber statesman who founded the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen in 1236, fortified the Mechouar palace, and defended Algerian regional sovereignty against Marinid and Hafsid rivals for nearly half a century.

Tlemcen, Algeria

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Religious Figures & Theologians

36

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Nichiren

日蓮

Japan

1222 – 1282 (60 years old)

Fiery Kamakura reformer and founder of Nichiren Buddhism who declared the Lotus Sutra the supreme teaching and established the chanting of 'Namu Myoho Renge Kyo' for personal and national peace.

Mount Minobu, Japan

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Science

12

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Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Marrakushi

أبو الحسن علي المراكشي

Morocco

c. 1210 – 1282 (~72 years old)

Extraordinary Moroccan astronomer and mathematician whose landmark treatise on spherical astronomy, astrolabes, and sundials was the most comprehensive practical astronomical manual in the medieval Islamic world.

Marrakech, Morocco

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Religious Figures & Theologians

42

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Mechthild of Magdeburg

Mechthild von Magdeburg

Germany

c. 1207 – c. 1282 (75 years old)

Beguine mystic and visionary poet whose 'The Flowing Light of the Godhead' pioneered vernacular German mystical literature, expressing ecstatic Bridal Mysticism.

Eisleben, Germany

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Religious Figures & Theologians

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Albertus Magnus

Albertus Magnus

Germany

c. 1200 – 1280 (80 years old)

Dominican polymath, Bishop of Regensburg, and Doctor of the Church who introduced Aristotelian science to medieval Europe and mentored Thomas Aquinas.

Cologne, Germany

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Prophets & Divine Messengers

10

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Abu Zakariya Yahya II al-Wathiq

أبو زكرياء يحيى الواثق

Tunisia

1249 AD – 1280 AD (31 years old)

Hafsid Caliph (1277–1279 AD) who succeeded his illustrious father al-Mustansir, remembered as a cultivated patron of Andalusian poets and calligraphers.

Tunis, Tunisia

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Religious Figures & Theologians

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Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi

يحيى بن شرف النووي

Syria

1233 – 1277 (44 years old)

Renowned Shafi'i jurist, traditionist, and ascetic author of 'The Forty Hadith', 'Riyad al-Salihin', and 'Al-Majmu', who fearlessly challenged Sultan Baibars for the rights of the poor.

Nawa, Syria

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