Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Philosophy & Thought

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Ibn al-Jawzi

ابن الجوزي

Iraq

1116 – 16 June 1201 (85 years old)

Prolific 12th-century Baghdad scholar, orator, and polymath whose sermons drew tens of thousands and who authored over three hundred works.

Baghdad, Iraq

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Philosophy & Thought

41

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Zhu Xi

朱熹

China

18 October 1130 – 23 April 1200 (69 years old)

Preeminent thinker of Neo-Confucianism who unified the Four Books into the canonical civil examination curriculum and synthesized cosmology through Principle (Li) and Vital Energy (Qi).

Kaoting (Jianyang, Fujian), China

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Statesmanship & Statesmen

20

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Al-Qadi al-Fadil

القاضي الفاضل (عبد الرحيم البيساني)

Palestine

1135 – 1200 (65 years old)

Supreme Grand Vizier and diplomatic master of Cairo whose exquisite Arabic epistolary prose directed Saladin's empire, celebrated by Saladin: 'Do not think I conquered the realms by my swords, but by the pen of al-Qadi al-Fadil.'

Cairo, Egypt

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Philosophy & Thought

37

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Nimbarka

निम्बार्काचार्य

India

c. 1130 – c. 1200 (70 years old)

Vaishnava philosopher-saint who founded Dvaitadvaita (Dualistic Non-Dualism) Vedanta, author of the 'Vedanta Parijata Saurabha', who established the worship of Radha and Krishna as the divine source of grace.

Salemabad (Rajasthan), India

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Religious Figures & Theologians

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Nimbarkacharya

निम्बार्काचार्य

India

c. 1130 – c. 1200 (70 years old)

Foundational Hindu philosopher who established the Dvaitadvaita (Dualistic Non-dualism) school of Vedanta and pioneered the joint worship of Radha and Krishna.

Salemabad, India

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

34

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Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart / Cœur de Lion)

Richard Cœur de Lion

Great Britain

8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199 (41 years old)

King of England and paramount chivalric commander of medieval Europe. Led the Third Crusade, capturing Acre and defeating Saladin at Arsuf and Jaffa, becoming an enduring literary archetype of knightly valor and courage.

Châlus (Limousin), France

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

36

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Minamoto no Yoritomo

源 頼朝

Japan

1147 – 1199 (51 years old)

Founder and first Shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate, who defeated the Taira clan in the Genpei War and established warrior (bushi) feudal military rule in Japan for seven centuries.

Kamakura (Kanagawa), Japan

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Yaqub al-Mansur

أبو يوسف يعقوب المنصور

Morocco

1160 – 1199 (39 years old)

Almohad Caliph known as 'Al-Mansur' (The Victorious), who crushed King Alfonso VIII of Castile at the epic Battle of Alarcos in 1195 and completed the architectural masterpieces of the Koutoubia, the Giralda, and the Hassan Tower.

Tinmel (High Atlas), Morocco

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Philosophy & Thought

46

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Ibn Rushd (Averroës)

أبو الوليد محمد بن أحمد بن رشد

Spain

14 April 1126 – 10 December 1198 (72 years old)

Master philosopher and jurist of Islamic Spain whose profound commentaries on Aristotle and defense of rational inquiry (Fasl al-Maqal) catalyzed the European Renaissance.

Marrakech, Morocco

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Religious Figures & Theologians

37

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Abu Madyan

شعيب بن الحسين الأنصاري (سيدي بومدين)

Spain

1126 – 1198 (72 years old)

Supreme master of Maghrebi Sufism venerated as 'Shaykh al-Shuyukh', who lived in Béjaïa, fought alongside Saladin at the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187, and became the revered patron saint of Tlemcen.

El Eubbad (Tlemcen), Algeria

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Politics

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Abu Said Uthman ibn Abd al-Mu'min

أبو سعيد عثمان بن عبد المؤمن

Morocco

c. 1135 – 1198 (~63 years old)

Son of Caliph Abd al-Mu'min and long-serving Almohad viceroy of Granada and Cordoba, celebrated for fostering Islamic philosophy, poetry, and monumental architecture.

Marrakech, Morocco

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Religion

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Abu Yaqub Youssef Ben Ali al-Sanhaji

أبو يعقوب يوسف بن علي الصنهاجي

Morocco

c. 1130 – 1196 (~66 years old)

Enduring symbol of spiritual patience and detachment, a Sufi mystic afflicted with leprosy who lived in a cave outside Marrakech's walls, honored as one of the Seven Saints of Marrakech.

Marrakech, Morocco

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Religion

11

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Sidi Yusuf ibn Ali al-Sanhaji

سيدي يوسف بن علي الصنهاجي

Morocco

c. 1130 – 1196 (~66 years old)

The first of the revered Seven Saints of Marrakech (Sebaatou Rijal), an ascetic afflicted with leprosy who achieved sublime spiritual ecstasy and patience in a cave outside Bab Aghmat.

Marrakech, Morocco

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Religious Figures & Theologians

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Basaveshwara

ಬಸವೇಶ್ವರ

India

c. 1134 – c. 1196 (62 years old)

12th-century Kannada statesman, philosopher, and social reformer who founded the Lingayat tradition, established the Anubhava Mantapa (parliament of experience), and abolished caste distinctions.

Bagalkot, India

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

39

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Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Sultan Saladin)

صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب

Iraq

c. 1137 CE – 4 March 1193 CE (~56 years old)

First Sultan of Egypt and Syria and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders following the Battle of Hattin (1187) and won universal admiration in both the Muslim world and Christian Europe for his legendary chivalry, mercy, and justice.

Damascus, Syria

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Philosophy & Thought

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Lu Jiuyuan

陸九淵

China

1139 – 1193 (53 years old)

Song dynasty Neo-Confucian master 'Lu Xiangshan' who founded the School of the Heart/Mind (Xinxue), famously debating Zhu Xi at the Goose Lake Temple and declaring that 'The Mind is the Principle'.

Fuzhou (Jiangxi), China

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Prithviraj Chauhan

पृथ्वीराज चौहान

India

c. 1166 CE – c. 1192 CE (26 years old)

Last Hindu king to rule Delhi and Ajmer before the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, celebrated in the epic poem Prithviraj Raso for defeating Muhammad of Ghor at the First Battle of Tarain.

Mehrauli (New Delhi), India

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Philosophy & Thought

37

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Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi

شهاب الدين يحيى السهروردي

Iran

1154 CE – 29 July 1191 (~37 years old)

Founder of the School of Illumination (Hikmat al-Ishraq) who synthesized ancient Persian Zoroastrian wisdom, Pythagorean thought, and Platonism into a luminous ontology of radiant Light.

Aleppo, Syria

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